Groupers are members of the Serranidae family. They are the real sea basses. Members of Serranidae family typically have opercles (gill covers) with three spines; one main spine with a lesser spine above and below. Groupers can attain up to 3 m maximum length and weights of up to 400 kg.
The name "grouper" comes from the Portuguese name "garoupa" for the fish. In Malaysia and Indonesia, it is called "kerapu". Contrary to their name which suggests the fish stays in group, they are actually the solitary type. Unlike snappers which move in groups, they are intolerant of the same species or other similar fishes. Most species gather together in pairs or aggregations only for spawning. Many species are hermaphrodites, meaning that they can change their sex. They start out as females and change to male at a later stage.
Groupers are mostly demersal (benthic or bottom-oriented) fishes of tropical and subtropical areas, ranging from shallow coastal waters to moderate depths; the great majority of species occur in less than 200 meters. They are usually found over coral reefs, and rocky bottoms along the coasts.
Typical groupers have a stout body and a large mouth. They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth palates inside they pharynx. Their mouth and gills form a powerful sucking system that can suck their prey in from a distance. They habitually eat fish, squid, and crustacean. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces of it and that makes them easy to get hook by bait. Normally a squid bait can be used over and over again.
Their colouration and ability to change hues and shades to blend in with their surroundings allow them to camouflage and lie in wait for prey rather than chasing in open water. They will ambush, dash and strike the prey in short distance. Right after they suck the bait, they will normally go into the rocks or structure that is surrounding them. When threatened, they use their mouth to expand their gill covers digging them into rock cave sides to form their shelters. Their gill muscles are so powerful that it is very difficult to pull them out of a cave.
There are 64 genera and approximately 521 species worldwide. Malaysia is represented by 15 genera and approximately 68 species.
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Scientific Name: Aethaloperca rogaa (Forsskål, 1775) English Name: Redmouth Grouper, Redmouth Rockcod Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 烟鲙 (Yān kuài), 烟鲈 (Yān lú) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Batu, Kerapu Mulut Merah Main Diagnostic Features: Dark brown to black in color, occasionally with an orange cast. Sometimes with a vertical pale bar on abdomen. Dorsal head profile steep, straight, or slightly concave along snout and distinctly convex from eye to dorsal fin. Reddish orange inside of mouth, gill cavity and upper jaw membranes. Juveniles with a broad white posterior margin on caudal fin and a narrow white margin on soft dorsal fin. Size: Maximum total length 60 cm.  Scientific Name: Cephalopholis boenak (Bloch, 1790) English Name: Chocolate Hind, Brown-barred Grouper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 印度石斑 (Yìndù shí bān) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Tenggarong, Kerapu Belang Perang Main Diagnostic Features: Body brown, with 7 or 8 more or less distinct dark bars. Fins dark brown, with a pale blue line at corners of caudal fin. Size: Maximum total length 30 cm.  Scientific Name: Cephalopholis cyanostigma (Valenciennes, 1828) English Name: Bluespotted Hind Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Bintik Biru, Kerapu Karang Main Diagnostic Features: Blue ocelli on head, body, and basally on median fins. Size: Maximum total length at 40 cm.   Scientific Name: Cephalopholis formosa (Shaw, 1812) English Name: Bluelined Grouper, Bluelined Hind, Bluelined Rockcod Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 蓝线石斑 (Lán xiàn shí bān) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu Garis Biru Local Hokkien: Thee Swa Gau Local Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: Colour generally brown or yellowish brown, with dark blue lines on head, body, and fins. Black spot between upper 2 opercular spines. Size: Maximum total length 34 cm.  Scientific Name: Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) English Name: Humpback Grouper, Humpback Hind Mandarin Name: 老鼠斑 (Lǎoshǔ bān), 驼背鲈 (Tuóbèi lú) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Tikus, Kerapu Belida, Sunoh Main Diagnostic Features: Head small, strongly curved. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 17 to 19 soft rays. Color greenish white to light greenish brown with scattered round black spots on head, body, and fins. Size: Maximum total length 70 cm.  Scientific Name: Diploprion bifasciatum Cuvier, 1828 English Name: Barred Soapfish French Name: Savon à deux bandes Mandarin Name: 肥皂鱼 (Féizào yú) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Sebekah, Sebekah Laut Main Diagnostic Features: Body compressed with yellow colour posterior. Size: Maximum total length 25 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål, 1775) English Name: Areolate Grouper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 西星斑 (Xi xīng bān) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Ekor Putih, Kerapu Bintik Bulat Local Hokkien: Koay Gau Local Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: Head, body, and fins covered with numerous close-set brown, brownish yellow or greenish yellow spots. Posterior edge of caudal fin with a distinct white margin. Size: Maximum total length about 40 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) English Name: Yellow Grouper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 青石斑 (Qīng shí bān), 黄斑 (Huáng bān) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu, Kerapu Sirip Kuning Local Hokkien: Koay Gau Local Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: Head length 2.3 to 2.6 times in standard length. Four dark bars, sometimes faint or absent. Dorsal, head and body with yellow spots. Soft dorsal, caudal, and sometimes the anal fin with prominent yellow margin. Size: Maximum total length at least 60 cm, commonly 30 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus bleekeri (Vaillant, 1878) English Name: Duskytail Grouper French Name: Mérou demideui Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 红点油班 (Hóng diǎn yóu bān) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu Ekor Gelap Local Hokkien: Koay Gau Local Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: Dorsal fin and upper third of caudal fin with spots like those on body. Lower two-thirds of caudal fin dusky. Size: Maximum total length about 76 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) English Name: Orange-spotted Grouper, Goldspotted Rockcod, Brownspotted Grouper, Estuary Cod French Name: Mérou taches oranges Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 点带石斑 (Diǎn dài shí bān), 红点石斑 (Hóng diǎn shí bān) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu bintik jingga, Kerapu Pinang, Kerapu Balong, Kerapu Rintek, Kerapu Pakpanang Local Hokkien: Chia Gau Main Diagnostic Features: Numerous small brownish orange or reddish brown spots on head, body, and median fins. Body with 5 faint, irregular, oblique, dark bars. Caudal fin not dusky. Size: Maximum length at least 95 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus corallicola (Valenciennes, 1828) English Name: Coral Grouper French Name: Mérou corail Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu Karang, Kerapu Pisang Main Diagnostic Features: Grey in colour, with well-separated black spots smaller than pupil on head, body and fins. 3 dusky to blackish blotches on body at base of rear half of dorsal fin. Dusky to blackish saddle spot on caudal peduncle. Size: Maximum total length about 49 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus erythrurus (Valenciennes, 1828) English Name: Cloudy Grouper, Cloudy Rockcod, Garoupa Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 石头斑 (Shítou bān) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu Tompok Awan, Kerapu Combat Local Hokkien: Koay Gau Local Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: Body with white and brown patches that form many cloud like pattern. Size: Maximum total length about 45 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus fasciatomaculosus (Peters, 1865) English Name: Rock Grouper, Red Banded Grouper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 青眼斑 (Qīng yǎn bān) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu Batu, Tongkah Local Hokkien: Koay Gau, Gau Hu Local Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: 5 slightly oblique broad dark bars usually visible on body. The last bar covering peduncle and the first 4 extending into dorsal fin. The first 2 bars are darker dorsally and extend to the margin of spinous dorsal fin. Size: Maximum total length about 30 cm.   Scientific Name: Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) English Name: Blacktip Grouper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 黑边石斑 (Hēi biān shí bān), 赤石斑鱼 (Chì shí bān yú) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu Sirip Hitam, Kerapu Merah Main Diagnostic Features: The outer triangular part of interspinous membranes of dorsal fin black or dark red, with pale yellow or white spot behind tip of each spine. Size: Maximum total length about 40 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) English Name: Giant Grouper, Brindlebass, Brown Spotted Cod, Bumblebee Grouper, Queensland Groper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 鞍帶石斑魚(Ān dài shí bān yú), 龙旦 (Lóng dàn) Local Malay Name:Ikan Kertang, Kerapu Pertang Local Cantonese: Long Tan Main Diagnostic Features: Fins (most visible on pectoral fin) with numerous small black spots. Body colour vary from juvenile to adult. Size: One of the largest groupers, attains 270 cm total length. Maximum weight 400 kg.   Scientific Name: Epinephelus quoyanus (Valenciennes, 1830) English Name: Longfin Grouper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 玳瑁石斑 (Dài mào shí bān), 蜜蜂斑 (Mì fēng bān) Local Malay Name:Ikan Kerapu Cicak, Kerapu Tukul Local Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: Large, close-set, hexagonal to roundish, dark brown to blackish spots. Ventral edge of anal and caudal fins and leading edge of pelvic fins with white line and blackish submarginal band. Chest with 2 oblique dark brown bands or elongate dark blotches linked by narrow bands. Size: Maximum total length 40 cm.   Scientific Name: Epinephelus sexfasciatus (Valenciennes, 1828) English Name: Sixbar Grouper, Garoupa Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 糯米石斑 (Nuòmǐ shí bān) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu Bebeh Local Hokkien: Koay Gau Local Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: Body pale to dark brown with 5 dark brown bars on body and 1 on nape. Relatively large dark spots on dorsal, anal and caudal fins. Size: Maximum total length 28 cm.  Scientific Name: Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) English Name: Greasy Grouper, Garoupa Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), Global - 鱸滑石斑魚(Lú huá shíbānyú) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu Hitam, Kerapu Bunga Local Hokkien: Koay GauLocal Teochew: Gao Hu Local Cantonese: Seck Pan Main Diagnostic Features: Covered with dull orange-red to dark brown spots; spots on head progressively smaller anteriorly. Large black blotch (or group of black spots) often visible at base of last 4 dorsal-fin spines and extending onto lower part of fin. Size: Maximum total length 75 cm.  Scientific Name: Plectropomus areolatus (Rüppell, 1830) English Name: Squaretail Coralgrouper, Passionfruit Coral Trout Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 西星斑 (Xī xīng bān) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Ekor Putih, Kerapu Sunoh Ekor Pepat Local Hokkien: Ang Gau Main Diagnostic Features: Body with many small round to oval dark-edged blue spots. Large canine teeth at front of jaws. Truncate caudal fin. Rear margin of caudal fin with a white edge and often with a blackish submarginal band. Size: Maximum total length about 100 cm.   Scientific Name: Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède, 1802) English Name: Common Coral Trout, Leopard Trout, Leopard Coralgrouper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 七星斑 (Qī xīng bān) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Sunoh Bara, Kerapu Bintang Local Hokkien: Ang Gau Main Diagnostic Features: Body covered in a profusion of small blue dots. Pectoral fin transparent and without blue dots. Distinctive blue ring around the eye. Size: Maximum standard length 120 cm, commonly 35 cm.    Scientific Name: Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch, 1790) English Name: Barcheek Coral Trout, Spotted Coralgrouper Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 东星斑 (Dōng xīng bān) Local Malay Name: Ikan Kerapu sunoh pisang, Kerapu Bara Local Hokkien: Chut Bee Gau, Ang Gau Main Diagnostic Features: Head, body, and median fins greenish grey, brown, red, or orange-red, with dark-edged blue spots. Spots on head and anterior part of body oval or horizontally elongated. The spots become much smaller, more uniformly round, and more numerous on rear part of body and on fins. Size: Maximum total length about 125 cm.    Scientific Name: Variola albimarginata Baissac, 1953 English Name: White-edged Lyretail, White-edged Lunartail Mandarin Name: 石斑魚 (Shí bān yú), 白缘星鲙 (Bái yuán xīng kuài) Local Malay Name: Kerapu Sabit Putih Main Diagnostic Features: Caudal fin lunate. Margin of caudal fin with a narrow white edge. Size: Maximum total length 47 cm. 
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